Mental Health in Texas Prisons and Jails Free Essays

string(99) mind blowing similarity to what we see today; absence of treatment for those with mental illnesses. Fall 2012 Mental Health in Texas penitentiaries and correctional facilities October 13, 2012 University of Southern California A. Presentation: Issue, Policy, Problem: Texas has roughly 24. 3 million inhabitants as per 2010 state measurements from the National Alliance on Mental Illness. We will compose a custom paper test on Psychological well-being in Texas Prisons and Jails or on the other hand any comparable point just for you Request Now Near 833,000 grown-ups live with a genuine psychological maladjustment. Inside these 24. 3 million occupants of Texas in 2008, around 37,700 grown-ups with a dysfunctional behavior were imprisoned (NAMI. organization). Furthermore, there is an expected 31% of female and 14% of male prison detainees broadly live with genuine psychological maladjustment. We see this in light of the fact that there are lacking open emotional well-being administrations to address the issues of those misery. Texas open emotional well-being framework offers types of assistance to just 21% of grown-ups who live with a psychological instability (NAMI. organization). The goal of the eighteenth Edition Texas Laws for Mental Health are to give a far reaching scope of administrations for people with psychological maladjustment or mental impediment that need freely bolstered care, treatment, or habilitation. In offering those types of assistance, endeavors will be made to facilitate administrations and projects with administrations and projects gave by other legislative elements to limit duplication and to impart to other legislative substances in financing those administrations and projects (TDSHS. us). Despite the target by the Texas Laws, detainees are not, be that as it may, a ground-breaking open body electorate, and authoritative and official branch authorities normally overlook their privileges missing suit or the danger of prosecution (UNHCR. organization). With this being stated, there is extraordinary disappointment inside this target. Many, even a huge number of detainees become imprisoned without getting the major psychological wellness administrations they require. Looking inside, numerous jail emotional wellness administrations are woefully inadequate, disabled by understanding, deficient offices, and constrained projects. State spending chops passed on during the ongoing administrative meeting left the Texas Department of Criminal Justice with a hazardously low $6. 1 billion biennial financial plan, roughly $97 million not exactly last year’s subsidizing levels. Accordingly, the psychological well-being care framework endured cutbacks alongside the remainder of the jail social insurance administrations. Moreover, in spite of the fact that treatment and prescriptions were left immaculate, less clinical laborers are currently left to treat intellectually sick detainees. Staffing cuts thusly expanded the detainee to-staff proportion from 58 to one upward to 65 detainees for each psychological wellness care laborer (Nix, 2011). The developing number of intellectually sick people who are imprisoned in the United States is a unintended result of two open arrangements received in the course of the most recent thirty years. The chosen authorities have neglected to give satisfactory subsidizing, backing, and course for the network emotional wellness frameworks that should supplant the psychological well-being medical clinics shut down as a feature of the â€Å"deinstitutionalization† exertion that started in the 1960’s (UNHCR,org). Following the deinstitutionalization procedure came the â€Å"war on drugs† battle. This was to have grasped a reformatory, hostile to wrongdoing exertion. What we saw was an extensive extent of the detainment facilities and correctional facilities populace sore, more than quadrupling over the most recent thirty years. B. History and Scope of Issue: Eighty-three years after the main American organization solely for the crazy was opened in Williamsburg, Virginia, the principal Texas office for the intellectually poorly was built up by the Sixth Legislature. Enactment marked by Governor Elisha M. Pease on August 28, 1856, required the foundation of a state maniac shelter (Creson). Fifty thousand dollars was appropriated for land and structures. The State Lunatic Asylum (presently Austin State Hospital) didn't open until 1861, when Superintendent Dr. Beriah Graham conceded twelve patients. Prior to 1861, people with a psychological sickness or mental hindrance were kept at home, conveyed of state for treatment or custodial consideration, or limited in almshouses or correctional facilities. Dr. David Wallace was the primary doctor in the state to confine his training to psychiatry. During his residency as administrator of the two organizations, Wallace effectively opposed political support in the refuges, pushed expulsion of the â€Å"harmless intellectually retarded† from them, got rid of limitation, presented word related and diversion exercises as treatment modalities, and used furloughing as an unmistakable piece of institutional methodology. Dr. David Wallace was a genuine supporter for the intellectually sick, and battled for their entitlement to be dealt with deferentially. Congestion turned into a significant issue during the 1940s. Open strain to diminish the long trusting that affirmation will state emergency clinics and to expel intellectually sick people from nearby correctional facilities expanded inhabitance in as of now stuffed medical clinics. In 1943, the governing body changed over the Confederate Home for Men into an emergency clinic for intellectually sick male geriatric patients so as to give beds in the bigger medical clinics. In 100 years, the state framework for thinking about the intellectually badly developed to nine state emergency clinics dissipated about the state. Their populace had, be that as it may, started to decay because of new treatment methods and changing social thoughts regarding the job of state mental clinics in thinking about distressed people (Creson). Throughout the years, as the populace kept on developing did as well, wrongdoing, medicate use, and brutality. Examination shows that 72% of both male and female prison prisoners with serious mental issue likewise meet measures for substance use issue of liquor or medication misuse (Abram amp; Teplin, 1991). Inside this negative development, the discipline for the violations likewise fixed. Before long we started to see an expansion in capture, and more guilty parties imprisoned. Nonetheless, a portion of the expansion was on the grounds that those enduring with dysfunctional behaviors were the people carrying out the wrongdoings. Along these lines, the psychological foundations were shutting, because of the changing social perspectives on the manner in which those enduring were dealt with, left those enduring with no place to go. As time pushed ahead, we can see a hitting comparing development with the administrative subsidizing for emotional wellness care; it is spiraling downhill. Thus, the start of congestion in Texas detainment facilities and prisons. Unfortunately, those experiencing psychological sickness won't get quality, reasonable treatment during detainment. Giving emotional well-being administrations to imprisoned wrongdoers is disappointed by absence of assets (UNHCR. organization). Reflecting back to the mid 1800’s, there is a marvelous likeness to what we see today; absence of treatment for those with dysfunctional behaviors. You read Emotional wellness in Texas Prisons and Jails in class Papers C. Points of view and Analysis of Policy: In Texas, officials, emotional wellness experts, and supporters have perceived the need to diminish the pervasiveness of genuine psychological maladjustment in correctional facilities and penitentiaries by occupying minor wrongdoers to network based emotional wellness administrations. Truth be told, House Bill 2292, went in 2004, requires the improvement of prison preoccupation techniques alongside the usage of Resiliency and Disease Management (RDM) by the Department of State Health Services (DSHS) for the treatment of serious psychological sickness (TDSHS). Steps ought to be taken at the government, state, and nearby level to diminish the pointless and counterproductive imprisonment of non-guilty parties with psychological sickness. Compulsory least condemning laws ought to be updated to suffer jail is saved for the most genuine of guilty parties. Lessening the quantity of intellectually sick wrongdoers sent to jail will likewise let loose jail assets to guarantee fitting emotional wellness treatment for those people with psychological sickness who must, actually, be imprisoned for reasons of open wellbeing (UNHCR). On some random day, between 2. 3 and 3. 9 percent of detained guilty parties in State jails are evaluated to have schizophrenia or other maniacal issue, between 13. 1 and 18. 6 percent significant discouragement, and between 2. 1 and 4. 3 percent bipolar turmoil (hyper scene). In 1999, NAMI (once known as the National Alliance for the Mentally Ill) detailed that the quantity of Americans with genuine dysfunctional behaviors in jail was multiple times more noteworthy than the number hospitalized with such sicknesses (UNHCR). In the financial multi year, the normal state emergency clinic registration was 3,475, and the quantity of customers served in network emotional wellness mental impediment places was 125,277. The Harris County Psychiatric Center, a 240-bed emergency clinic set up in October 1986, mutually supported by the state and Harris County and under the bearing of the University of Texas Health Science Center-Houston, served an extra 195 people. After government square awards given to states in 1980 gave more state control in appropriating administrative assets, Texas (like different states) set a high need on harshly and incessantly sick patients in network programs. This re-distribution of assets brought about an intensification of contentions brought about by various neighborhood and state plans, authoritative worries for cost viability and backing groups’ plans for extended administrations, just as expert regional fights and an extended meaning of what comprises dysfunctional behavior. Claims have additionally confounded the matter of sorting out, executing, and managing the state framework while convincing required changes. Huge in such manner in Texas was RAJ v. Jones, documented in 1971. Significant issues for the situation included individualized treatment, tolerant rights, utilization of psychotropic prescriptions, and satisfactory network aftercare administrations. Spirits v. Turman, recorded in 1971, brought about inc

Thank You MaM Analysis free essay sample

Introduction:Mrs Luella Bates Washington Jones is strolling home from work one night,when a youthful young person endeavors to grab her satchel. HHe breaks the lash in his scramble to escape and Mrs Jones gives him a kick shakes him lastly gets him by his shirt. Actuating incident:When the kid breaks the tie in his scramble to grab the enormous handbag or exactly when the kid endeavors to grab the tote ,affecting occurrence happens in light of the fact that this occasion makes the battle or struggle between the characters. Development:The lady gives the kid a kick,shakes him and gives him a harsh talk and afterward walks him off to her outfitted single room. She needs him to wash his face. At that point she gets some information about himself. also, discovers that his name is Roger and he attempted to take her tote to purchase blue softened cowhide shoes. She readies the supper for the two. We will compose a custom paper test on Much thanks to You MaM Analysis or on the other hand any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Climax:While Mrs Jones is cookingdinner,the kid stays situated close to the tote and we wonder if he’ll take the handbag and flee. (or then again when she will not turn the kid free we wonder what she will do with him or where she ‘ll take him to. Goals: Mrs Jones discloses to him that she herself isn't so pleased with specific things that she has done in her life. Most likely she needs him to realize that they are not all that unique in relation to one another. At that point she gives him the cash for the shoes. Roger can see that everyone can commit errors and still proceed to lead happy,honest and gainful lives. So he unwinds. At long last she releases him cautioning to keep out of mischief. Characterization:Mrs Jones is avery solid and sure lady. She is clearly worried about kids and the ones who are getting rowdy. She needs to ensure that he comprehends his issue and help him to carry on better(a level and static character)She is understanding,considerate,kind,respectful,helpful, liberal and keen. She works in ahotel magnificence shop. She sets a decent connection with the boy,sincere yet in addition adjusted . She could have planned something for rebuff him ,however rather than it she decided to prepare him. Roger:is a frail,thin kid at 14 years old or 15. He is wearing pants and sneakers. He is timid,defenceless,dishonestfirst however the way that Mrs Jones treated him causes him to feel embarrassed about what he has done. Her demeanor causes Roger to feel certain and he unwinds gets dependable and appreciative for human graciousness. So he transforms He feels better,gains sense of pride ,self-worth(being treated respectfully)It appears he has never been dealt with well. He comprehends the missteps and needs to improve on the grounds that in spite of the fact that he gets the opportunity to get away from he decides to remain. Reasons can be different. ;The need to substantiate himself to Mrs Jones as he isn't terrible and can be solid. Theme:lt; Lessons can at times be shown more successfully with thoughtfulness than with discipline lt;Kindness and comprehension can change a person’s behaviourespecially if the individual isn't accustomed to being dealt with well lt;Responding with kindnessrather than discipline when someone attempts to hurt you can realize great outcomes lt;Experiencing a little benevolence and liberality of soul may have a major effect in someone’s life. I. Presentation: A. Setting: 1. Time:Past XPresentFuture 2. Explicit time: evening â€Å"about eleven o’clock at night† 3. Spot: on a road and afterward in a staying house 4. State of mind (Atmosphere): tense, thrilling B. Characters: NamePhysical DescriptionCharacter Traits Mrs. Luella Bates Washington Joneslarge lady with an enormous pursetough, kind Rogerdirty face, â€Å"fourteen or fifteen, slight and willow-wild, in sneakers and pants. †daring, compliant (challenging to attempt to grab the tote however very resigned a short time later), lied toward the start, thankful toward the end C. Predecessor Action: none given II. Starting Incident: A. Type(s) of contention: Man versus Man B. Issue (being referred to frame): What will Mrs. Luella Bates Washington Jones do to the kid who attempted to grab her satchel? C. first occasion that shows the issue: â€Å"a kid ran up behind her and attempted to grab her tote. † III. Rising Action:- the principal occasion which started after the Initial Incident and that makes us wonder about the response to the issue. G †satchel tie separates and the kid falls G †the enormous lady gets the kid and gives him a shakeG †the lady takes the kid home G †the lady lets the kid wash up B †the kid thinks about whether he will be sent to prison G †the lady says she won’t bring him to prison however fixes him dinner rather B †the kid ponders making a run for it G †the kid stays and tunes in to Mrs. Jones admit to doing things wrong herself G †Mrs. Jones shows trust in Roger G †Mrs. Jones doesn’t pose any humiliating inquiries G †Mrs. Jones enlightens Roger concerning her activity, at that point cuts him some cake G †Mrs. Jones gives him ten dollars to purchase blue calfskin shoes IV. ClimaxMrs. Jones releases him and advises him to keep out of mischief OR see the remarks beneath for another opinionclimax: the defining moment of the story is when Roger takes a gander at the sink, the entryway, the sink and stays (he has changed) and at that point the story has turned, the falling activity is Jones sharing her life accounts with Roger, leaving him with $20 for shoes and counsel; the goals is him going to state however never expressing Thank you. The defining moment happens when Roger takes a gander at the sink and chooses to remain. V. The last section starts with â€Å"The kid needed to state something different however couldn’t do it. † What else do you figure he might have want to have the option to state to her other than â€Å"Thank you†. 16. Break down how Roger’s perspective on Mrs. Jones transformed from the earliest starting point as far as possible of the story. 17. Do you think toward the start if Roger had been fruitful in taking the tote, would he have purchased shoes with the cash? Toward the end, since he has been given $10, will he use it to purchase shoes? 18. Make a topic explanation. 19. What is the focal clash and peak? 1. Story components: What sort of storyteller does the story have? * What is the setting? * Who are the fundamental characters? * What is the focal clash and how is it settled? * What is the primary subject of the story? 2. How were the two characters extraordinary? How were they the equivalent? 3. Will individuals change? Is change simple? When do ind ividuals normally want to change? 4. A well known African adage says, It takes a whole town to bring up a kid. How does this thought identify with this story? Do you concur or differ with this thought? 5. What exercise would we be able to gain from this story with regards to managing issues and clashes? 8. In the short story Thank you, Maam recounts to an anecdote about a little fellow who attempts to take a womans satchel. At the point when he thought he had it, he thought wrong since he stumbled and fell on the woman. The woman inquired as to whether she let him go would he run, he reacted yes so she didnt let him go. The woman saw that the young men face was messy, and she didnt need him returning home that way. What she did was that she carried him home with her and she took care of him food. She asked him for what good reason he needed to take her satchel, and the kid said it was on the grounds that he needed blue sued tennis shoes. Later on, the woman gave him ten dollars and strolled him out of the house. The kid needed to thank the woman yet before he did, the woman shut the door. This short story will be entirely critical for me, in light of the fact that rather than the woman turning in the kid to the police, she rather took him with her. She comprehended the kid for attempting to take her satchel, and she pardoned him in an alternate way without saying anything (for ex. taking care of him food and giving him water to wash his face). The kid was confounded all through the entire time in her home, since she left the entryway open and her handbag out in the open. He had numerous odds of getting away, yet he didnt. He wanted to give her trust as a similar way she gave him. I enjoyed this story a great deal in light of the fact that there was a ton of trust and a ton love. 1. â€Å"Thank You, Ma’m† was composed by Langston Hughes in 1958. The story is about a youthful young kid, Roger, who endeavors to take an enormous tote from a huge lady, Luella Bates Washington Jones. The handbag is a lot for him to deal with and after he loses his balance, he is in the grips of Luella. Luella quickly perceives that the kid has next to zero caring for at his home. She conveys his by his neck, to forestall escape, to the house she inhabits to tidy him up and give him something to eat. At the point when they arrive at Ms. Jones’ house, which has all the earmarks of being loaded up with different inhabitants, the kid washes his face while Luella prepares supper. While cooking Roger concedes that he needed to take her handbag to get himself a couple of blue calfskin shoes. Ms. Jones concedes that when she was more youthful had done comparable things in quest for comparable items. Over supper they talk about Luella’s work and other light subjects, however Luella doesn't get into Roger’s life as the peruser may expect she would. After supper Luella sends Roger in transit suddenly. Roger has scarcely sufficient opportunity to state, â€Å"’Thank you, Ma’m’ before she shut the entryway. Furthermore, he never observed her again. † (349) 1 Who is the story extremely about? Roger 2 How does Roger respond after Mrs. Jones asked him for what good reason he attempted to take her wallet? he lies I didnt expect to. 3 Why do you think Roger deceived Mrs. Jones? He was apprehensive 4 What does Mrs. Jones state when Roger apologizes? Your face is grimy. I got a psyche to wash your face. Aint you got no one at home†¦? 5 Are you astonished with Mrs. Jones response? Why or why not? 6 Why do you think Mrs. Jones makes Roger wash his face and afterward dine with her? She feels sorry/empathy 7 How does Mrs. Jones treat Roger? with benevolence

The Grapes Of Wrath Accurate Indeed Essay Example For Students

The Grapes Of Wrath Accurate? In reality Essay John Steinbeck wrote in his 1939 novel The Grapes of Wrath: And then the seized were drawn west-from Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, New Mexico; from Nevada and Arkansas, families, clans, cleaned out, tractored out. Carloads, troops, destitute and hungry; twenty thousand and fifty thousand and a hundred thousand and 200,000. They spilled over the mountains, eager and fretful anxious as ants, dashing to look for some kind of employment to do to lift, to push, to pull, to pick, to cut anything, any weight to hold up under, for nourishment. The children are ravenous. We got no spot to live. Like ants rushing for work, for nourishment, and above all for land. This, only a little portion from Steinbecks epic, portrays the hardships and battles that ranchers looked during the Dust Bowl and the Great Depression. The Grapes of Wrath is a fantastic wellspring of data for this timeframe and incorporates chronicled realities, topics, and multifaceted subtleties of everyday environments of the transien t ranchers. We will compose a custom article on The Grapes Of Wrath Accurate? In reality explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now John Steinbecks depiction of the Great Depression and the Dust Bowl is very precise. His portrayals of the Dust Bowl, the causes and what the bowl resembled, were exact as indicated by Alan Brinkleys content, The Unfinished Nation. Steinbeck and Brinkley both composed that the most noticeably awful dry season in history had struck the Great Plains and gone on for 10 years in the mid 1930s. Also, right now ranchers had been enticed by high yield costs, which lead them to furrow up the grass for more harvest room and continued working a similar harvest, which in the long run depleted the dirt. This and the absence of precipitation transformed these locales into virtual deserts, and the incredible breezes made the residue blow over the fields in mists. Steinbeck really expounded depicting what this had looked loved. In his novel he portrayed the Dust Bowl: The breeze expanded, consistent, solid blasts. The cleans from the streets cushioned up and spread out and fell on the weeds other t han the fields . . . the sky was obscured by the blending dust, and the breeze felt over the earth, released the residue, and diverted it. For the individuals living in these crushed terrains, this was an extremely exact record with respect to what the climate resembled for quite a long time and months. In The Grapes of Wrath the story followed the Joad family from their home in Oklahoma to California. They had to abandon their home looking for work and land. En route transient ranchers, similar to the Joads, confronted nourishment lack, demise, vagrancy, Hoovervilles, and joblessness. As per talk and Brinkleys The Unfinished Nation, Steinbeck was exact in his portrayals of the occasions that he set in his novel. Vagrant ranchers would desert their territory looking for work. They would sell every one of their effects to fund-raise for their excursions that were to take weeks or months to take off west. Okies, a term that was utilized in Steinbeck and Brinkleys works, would regularly discover more enthusiastically times then what they had left. Sickness alongside starvation lead to numerous ranchers passings before arriving at the extraordinary land they were looking for. Camps close by the streets developed to little towns, known as Hoovervilles. Hoovervilles were named after Herbe rt Hoover on the grounds that during his administration, his activities caused poor monetary conditions in the mid 1930s. All the vagrant ranchers could do was meander from town to town searching for work or any sort of help. Generally, transient ranchers never found what they were searching for out west and were fortunate in the event that they could pick natural product or different harvests at low wages that would never bolster a family. .u4e37a60a95406a7175592acb61af9219 , .u4e37a60a95406a7175592acb61af9219 .postImageUrl , .u4e37a60a95406a7175592acb61af9219 .focused content zone { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .u4e37a60a95406a7175592acb61af9219 , .u4e37a60a95406a7175592acb61af9219:hover , .u4e37a60a95406a7175592acb61af9219:visited , .u4e37a60a95406a7175592acb61af9219:active { border:0!important; } .u4e37a60a95406a7175592acb61af9219 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u4e37a60a95406a7175592acb61af9219 { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; obscurity: 1; change: mistiness 250ms; webkit-change: murkiness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u4e37a60a95406a7175592acb61af9219:active , .u4e37a60a95406a7175592acb61af9219:hover { haziness: 1; change: darkness 250ms; webkit-progress: mistiness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u4e37a60a95406a7175592acb61af9219 .focused content region { width: 100%; position: relative; } .u4e37a60a95406a7175592acb61af9219 .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content adornment: underline; } .u4e37a60a95406a7175592acb61af9219 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u4e37a60a95406a7175592acb61af9219 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; fringe range: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: intense; line-stature: 26px; moz-fringe sweep: 3px; content adjust: focus; content beautification: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: supreme; right: 0; top: 0; } .u4e37a60a95406a7175592acb61af9219:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u4e37a60 a95406a7175592acb61af9219 .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u4e37a60a95406a7175592acb61af9219-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u4e37a60a95406a7175592acb61af9219:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: French Indian War EssaySteinbecks most pervasive topic in The Grapes of Wrath was to never abandon your fantasy. The Joad family as it so happens was not given a decent hand. They had to leave their property with next to no cash, the entirety of the possessions they could fit into a little truck, including 13 relatives, little nourishment, and a long excursion ahead. Mama Joad was the focal point of the family keeping them together with her fantasy, their fantasy, of a superior life out west. No

The Importance of Logical Division of Ideas in Writing College Essays

<h1>The Importance of Logical Division of Ideas in Writing College Essays</h1><p>It is anything but difficult to settle on the correct article subjects for your school exposition in the event that you know the significance of sensible division of thoughts recorded as a hard copy. With regards to composing articles, understudies ought to write in a sorted out way and keep their papers sound with the subject of the exposition. Likewise, they should organize their thoughts in a legitimate manner with the goal that the peruser can follow the consistent movement of the article. This is on the grounds that a decent exposition is one that has lucid idea designs and the article ought to be well-structured.</p><p></p><p>The significance of coherent division of thoughts recorded as a hard copy doesn't infer that the peruser will simply have the option to assimilate the entire paper at a time. It essentially implies that the peruser ought to have the op tion to handily follow what the author has written so as to comprehend what the individual is attempting to state. When the exposition is composed, the author needs to ensure that it isn't excessively long. It ought to be little and brief with the goal that the peruser can without much of a stretch follow the content and comprehend what the author is attempting to say.</p><p></p><p>The significant piece of composing an article is to painstakingly pick the theme to fit the sort of individual who will understand it. A few understudies might be more qualified for science themes, while others are most appropriate for innovative subjects. Since there are individuals who tend to think in an increasingly logical manner, they might be most appropriate for logical subjects. Then again, the composition of a similar individual who can figure more in an imaginative manner might be more qualified for inventive topics.</p><p></p><p>Another significa nt job of picking the correct subject is that it helps in showing signs of improvement and increasingly adjusted evaluation for the task. By picking themes that have a coherent association with the article point, understudies are not prone to peruse the whole exposition. They will almost certain take in just the significance of the substance. This can be impeding to getting An or even a B grade.</p><p></p><p>Choosing exposition themes that have sensible association with the remainder of the material in the task is one of the most significant elements to consider. Composing expositions isn't so natural and ought not be viewed as so. Most understudies get apprehensive with regards to composing a paper and the principal botch frequently originates from having no clue about what to write.</p><p></p><p>The choice to choose article subjects that have a coherent association with the remainder of the task is significant. This is on the grounds that it permits the author to concentrate regarding their matter and not get occupied by various kinds of expositions and thoughts. This will prompt a more clear and increasingly thought essay.</p><p></p><p>With these angles as a top priority, understudies can be urged to compose their expositions so that article points have a consistent association with one another. This encourages the author to think of an awesome exposition that will be of extraordinary assistance to the peruser. He or she should simply to plunk down and compose an all around organized and created exposition on their topic.</p><p></p><p>Whatever you do, don't stress excessively in the event that you can't compose your article subject with coherent association with the remainder of the data. Rather, you ought to be centered around thinking of the most ideal exposition that is made of a coherent association with the remainder of the point. It isn't as hard as it appe ars and on the off chance that you work at it, you will have the option to compose an extraordinary essay.</p>

Top Qualities of a Good Writer Essay Guide!

<h1> Top Qualities of a Good Writer Essay Guide!</h1> <p>It is imperative to know your crowd and their necessities and desires from rapidly composing. At the point when you develop to be a researcher requests the beginning of us despite everything battle. You'll assist you with possessing a college understudies are trying to be that you should build your own thoughts on the planet today. You raise your own confidence when you go past where the ordinary individual would typically stop. </p> <p>It could be astonishing to hear however not every person is brought into the world a superb pioneer. A pioneer ought to have an exceptionally away from of what's to be accomplished from a situation. You just must be dynamic however much as could reasonably be expected, and you'll be an amazing pioneer. Being a genuine pioneer you should be firm in your choices. </p> <p>The lion's share of us have had pioneers. Pioneers can watch the enormous picture. They organize the 10,000 foot view. Awesome pioneers comprehend they can't complete each assignment actually. </p> <h2>The Tried and True Method for Qualities of a Good Writer Essay in Step by Step Detail </h2> <p>Knowing the issues of your supporters and sympathizing with their torment is the absolute initial step to form into a profitable pioneer. Ineffective people should be told and directed and forced by others. Thusly, positive methodology, having confidence and causing extraordinary things to happen is among the incessant nature of a great head. You should settle on an incredible model for others to follow. </p> <p>Our society never seems to remunerate individuals who pose the ideal inquiries. Control over your faculties As a pioneer, you are viewed by numerous people. The pioneer is the person who has the capacity to verbalize an energizing vision of a convincing future which everybody wishes to be a piece of. An incredible pioneer must show resilience when managing various sorts of devotees who have different suppositions and practices. </p> <h2> The Basics of Qualities of a Good Writer Essay </h2> <p>Your groups admire you and in the event that you favor them to give them their everything, you'll must be enthusiastic about it also. Fantastic pioneers are responsible and acknowledge obligation regarding those disappointments of the organization or association. They should settle on opportune choices to the greatest advantage of the business or association. Albeit, most pioneers take choices without anyone else, however it's profoundly exhorted that you counsel key partners before taking a decision. </p> <p>A extraordinary pioneer needs an appropriate possibility arranging or ability to gain an alternate course of action in case of an incident and act in like manner. Being a selected specialist, you don't require a school sum. Only one out of every odd man is a superb business visionary. </p> <h2>Qualities of a Good Writer Essay - What Is It? </h2> <p>A work you wish to corner cut can be found at the class. You're at the correct spot. At the point when you buy any piece of cake. </p> <p>In the occasions once the assurance or a specific helper or the full group is down, an incredible pioneer must be able to accumulate all to a solitary table and proceed nearby with them so they succeed. The alternative of an arrangement of study in school can set up an amazing heading for a long time. As an approach to excel in the present quick paced world, a pioneer must be imaginative and progressed at precisely the same second. A wonderful pioneer is dynamic which is among the explanation he can get most extreme control and hold and secure the position done in time. </p> <h2>New Step by Step Roadmap for Qualities of a Good Writer Essay </h2> <p>A extraordinary character is a blend of physical, mental and cultural characteristics. The qualities which make up a prevalent pioneer may fluctuate dependent on the association, group, supervisor and work air. There's a moral quality. Another run of the mill nature of good pioneers is the ability to appoin t duty. </p> <p>Only then are you going to be in a situation to succeed the authority characteristics. At precisely the same time, the pioneer must be a fantastic slave driver to ensure that the base convention, strategies and morals are stayed unblemished. You need to choose your own frogs and cause yourself to eat them inside their request for significance. Lost qualities may be perhaps the greatest reason for ruins. </p>

Essay Topic Ideas

<h1>Essay Topic Ideas</h1><p>During my long stretches of instructing, I have perceived what number of undergrads battle to discover papers theme thoughts. You can as a rule tell by taking a gander at the understudy, on the grounds that most won't take a gander at the educator and state: 'Hello, I need you to compose about...'</p><p></p><p>Students never state what they need, however they simply appear to be looking for what they don't have the foggiest idea. From the outset, one would think the understudies are uninformed, however understudies are entirely insightful. Along these lines, with regards to composing an article theme, most understudies don't have any thought what they should state, yet they need to recognize what they ought not say.</p><p></p><p>The first thing an understudy should remember is that composing an exposition isn't care for perusing a book or something different, where you simply need to accept circumstances for what they are. Understudies, in any event during the scholastic year, have a task for each class to compose a paper on, so on the off chance that you will compose an article regarding a matter that isn't your center, ensure you put something in your exposition point that is straightforwardly identified with the theme you are composing about.</p><p></p><p>Not all understudies will get a great deal of counsel on the most proficient method to compose an exposition subject, yet on the off chance that you remember this and are eager to work at it, you will probably think of an altogether different style than you initially had at the top of the priority list. A few understudies will experience a great deal of difficulty, and on the off chance that you are one of them, you may need to peruse a book on exposition subjects to assist you with making sense of how to organize your paper topics.</p><p></p><p>Students likewise reg ularly misread their own penmanship when they don't see how to appropriately design their articles. At the point when an understudy peruses the data so anyone might hear before the class, most will likely imagine that the data is being introduced in the right organization, however many will peruse the data and afterward think the paper is ineffectively written.</p><p></p><p>Often, the papers that are alloted in class are article themes. Along these lines, when understudies start to find out about exposition themes, they are going to find that, not exclusively are there general style guides for school articles, yet you ought to broadly expound and ensure that everything is actually as you had it when you composed it down.</p><p></p><p>Once an understudy understands that composing a paper subject is a significant piece of their life, that they have to figure out how to appropriately arrange their article points, they will appreciate havi ng the option to compose the most pleasant papers conceivable. As I stated, you will locate that most understudies have next to zero clue about what they should state, so when you read an understudy's exposition subject, pose inquiries about the theme. There is a long way to go, and this will give you an edge on your students.</p>

Should There Be An Intro In A College Essay?

<h1>Should There Be An Intro In A College Essay?</h1><p>Should there be an introduction in a school paper? It relies upon what you're attempting to get over, obviously. To compose an amazing exposition is the best way to have the option to get a passing mark, however also, to get an astounding evaluation you should have the option to cause your perusers to comprehend what they are reading.</p><p></p><p>A great article requires having a snare so as to keep the peruser's consideration, and to this end there ought to be an introduction to the remainder of the piece. Truly, an introduction can be attached onto the finish of a long exposition; in any case, it shouldn't be. Introduction's that are connected are essentially superfluous mess. Truth be told, they are inconvenient to the substance of the article and may not be read.</p><p></p><p>You would prefer not to compose an exposition for school, so for what reason do you put a slogan or writer data toward the start of your paper? Why? Since no one will peruse it with the exception of the individual who composed it, so why not leave your peruser needing more?</p><p></p><p>When you start composing a school article, you need to have some particular themes canvassed inside and out. The principal thing that should be referenced in an article is the theme, and afterward the primary body of the content ought to be applicable to the point. Presently, on the off chance that you don't have any foundation data to work with, at that point you have to present yourself by expressing your name, your connection, and maybe a tad about what you want to escape the essay.</p><p></p><p>The best sort of school exposition ought to incorporate something of substance inside the primary section. In the event that the motivation behind the article is to get an understudy the most elevated evaluations conceivable, at that point t hat isn't sufficient to get them keen on giving it their everything. The main passage must have a snare to catch the peruser's eye. It ought to incorporate a solitary thought that integrates everything, and it ought to be intriguing and enjoyable.</p><p></p><p>In expansion to an introduction, and the subject of the school exposition, another device you can use to assist you with making your article is humor. On the off chance that the theme isn't fascinating, at that point attempt to include a couple of bits of diversion to light up things up a piece. Diversion is the most ideal approach to sorted things out, so on the off chance that you are uncertain how to make a very much idea out paper, simply follow the case of the funny cartoon: a positive or negative joke can change the whole significance of a thought.</p><p></p><p>Should there be an introduction in a school article? I don't think in this way, yet an incredible model would be J ohn C. Thoreau's 'The Advantages of Experience'.</p>

Effective Persuasive Essay Topics For Middle School Students

<h1>Effective Persuasive Essay Topics For Middle School Students</h1><p>Effective enticing exposition points for center school understudies can be rare. While your own one of a kind encounters may add to the reasons why certain subjects are appropriate for you, a center school kid will for the most part comprehend your own experience obviously superior to you will comprehend theirs. There are various subjects that can truly be utilized effectively for center teachers and students.</p><p></p><p>However, as is typically the situation, these won't be the main themes that will work. The initial step to thinking of powerful center school expositions includes distinguishing what sort of understudies you are managing. Is your center school understudy's age extend regular of yours or would they say they are kids who originated from the most seasoned age section in the class? Choose whether your crowd is all grown-ups or in the event that you have to ensure that you spread all ages.</p><p></p><p>Another interesting point when thinking of viable center school paper themes is the degree of composing capacity of your understudies. Does your instructor to see your understudy as high-accomplishing or do they consider them to be normal? That will mention to you what your understudies resemble when you connect with them. On the off chance that you have a great deal of calm youngsters and dynamic understudies, your paper will peruse very differently.</p><p></p><p>The reality of the situation is that probably the most ideal approaches to find the best convincing exposition subjects for center school understudies is to go out and make an inquiry or two yourself. The primary concern to recall is that it is an individual decision. Try not to let anybody direct what sort of understudies you are managing and what you ought to compose about.</p><p></p><p>If you realize tha t your center school understudies can deal with ground-breaking subjects, you can be generally sure that you can handle points that are progressively troublesome. For instance, if your center school understudy has a background marked by significant sadness, some approach to disclose this to them may be useful. The way toward making convincing exposition themes for center school understudies is somewhat not the same as what is required with regards to center school article points for secondary school students.</p><p></p><p>However, as an expert, you will need to realize how to utilize what you have figured out how to make fantastic center school paper subjects for understudies. The objective is to improve your art, so make certain to be imaginative and to comprehend that the subject will most likely be very near your heart.</p><p></p><p>If you have thoughts for viable influential paper points for center school understudies, visit my lan ding page at <a href='http://echerney.com/videography/marker.htm'>here</a>. You can likewise look at my blog at <a href='http://echerney.com/blog/labeled/bettervideography'>here</a> where I consistently present educational articles related on my field of expertise.</p>

SAT Essay Question Sample

SAT Essay Question SampleThe SAT essay question sample is often used as a way to encourage students to create something substantial, but this question sample gives the exact opposite impression. SAT students are encouraged to do well, but when they put in their own work it looks like they have no idea what they are doing. On top of that, when it comes time for them to read the rest of the essay, they will be confused by the strict, impersonal structure of the question. This article will discuss some of the many problems with the essay sample.The first issue with the essay sample is that it is rather generic. Because there are no real sections, but only a few single sentences, students don't know what questions will be coming and what questions to answer. It is essentially impossible to make sense of a question like this one, which asks you to describe the value of your experience using the Word file.It seems fairly pointless to answer, but it does ask you to describe your experience, and so students should respond with something that connects. Students who can't seem to figure out how to start their essay may find this to be difficult. However, if the student looks at the sample closely, they will see that the essay questions are specifically structured in a way that makes it easy to know what to answer.A second problem with the essay sample is that it asks students to research, but doesn't really explain why this is necessary. The reason that students are asked to research is that the writing is supposed to reflect on the student's experiences with Word, but there is no reason to explain this or to outline why it is important. A simple question about why students should choose to use Word over any other program would have been helpful.Another problem with the SAT essay question sample is that the sample is too short. In some ways, it seems a little lazy and unfair that students are asked to complete a single essay on a subject that they haven't taken a class o n. If the essay isn't interesting, it will appear as though the student did not have much success with their essay, which will probably discourage them from following through with their overall project.Some students, for whatever reason, may have a fear of taking an SAT test. Unfortunately, this has nothing to do with the quality of the test itself. You may also worry about being harassed by the other students in your group, but the essay is just as likely to be a student's personal essay as it is to be their group project.Perhaps the most telling aspect of the SAT essay sample is the student response. To their credit, students do seem to take the time to write a truly interesting response. However, when the student response is written by an instructor, the essay becomes indistinguishable from the one students were given for the semester. It takes the student out of the moment and into the realm of teacher and student.Overall, the SAT essay question sample is confusing, and quite fr ankly, it's annoying. Taking the SAT is an incredibly hard test, and to pass it, students will need to have a great deal of confidence. In an essay, the student needs to feel that he or she has complete control over his or her performance, and that an experienced instructor will be able to help the student create a truly wonderful essay.

How to Write Custom Term Papers

How to Write Custom Term PapersWant to know how to write custom term papers? Are you feeling lost on how to construct your own papers and then present them in a very professional manner? If you are, it is best that you read this article and learn some tips to help you in your task. Here are the top three tips that will help you get started on your term paper writing journey.A major tip to help you out with your task is to make sure that you have a clear understanding of what the papers are going to be about. Always bear in mind that there are different varieties of papers. To know which one you need to create is really a crucial task. Know your topic as well and make sure that it is so well thought-out that it will certainly give you the most valuable results. For example, if you are writing a business report, you will need to know a lot about business reports to write a suitable one.The next tip to make sure that you understand your topic is to make sure that you use short paragraph s. It is very important that you write concisely. The essay should be short and as simple as possible. This means that you should make sure that you do not allow it to take too much of your time. Too much of your time will only burn a hole in your pocket.Another top tip is to have a good outline. You need to lay down a complete structure that will help you organize your paper without wasting too much of your time. In other words, outline helps you organize your paper in such a way that it will save you from creating many mistakes later on.Make sure that you follow rules when you are creating your essay. Rules such as using specific English words and capitalization is absolutely important when you are trying to learn how to write custom term papers. You need to make sure that you will have a clear understanding of your topic and the things that you are writing about.The final tip that will help you get started on your term paper task is to make sure that you get a good final draft. I f you do not get a good final draft, you will end up with a big mess in your hands and it might also cause a great deal of trouble for you and for your classmates.Before you submit your paper, make sure that you check for grammatical errors. The final version of your paper will depend on the mistakes that you find in the first draft.You need to keep these three tips in mind when you are learning how to write custom term papers. They are easy to follow and can help you understand what it is you are writing about. Keep in mind that the quality of your writing is just as important as the importance of your task.

Writing a Political Essay That Speaks Your Mind

Writing a Political Essay That Speaks Your MindPolitical essay writing is an important and necessary part of the writing process. Whether you are writing for your final exams, writing a speech, or even writing for your college essays, it's always good to ensure that you understand what a political essay should be like. Remember, if you're a student, you want to be able to convince and persuade others that you have the ability to handle a difficult situation with competence.The reason why political essays are required in high school and college is because of how they are such a useful tool to use for learning about different issues and debating different points of view. You see, the entire process works on the idea that there are people who agree with you, and there are those who do not. Then, there are those who don't agree with you at all, so how can you try to persuade them, when there is no way to gain their trust?The solution is by learning how to write political essays. This is what makes it so easy, because you can simply use essay templates to write your own, which is actually very simple. You can find some templates online, and that's where you can start.If you want to write a political essay on a topic that interests you, it's best to be clear about what kind of topic you want to write. Once you have determined that, you can easily craft your political essay. However, if you know that you'll be writing about something that you have very little experience in, or that you have no prior knowledge of, it can become a bit tricky. If this is the case, consider looking for a topic that has some knowledge attached to it, but don't limit yourself to it.Politically charged topics are great subjects for political essays, and one of the best things about them is that they provide scope for nuance. For example, say you're writing a political essay on immigration. In this case, the amount of nuance is quite high. It's very easy to get caught up in the details, but i t is possible to make your point even without bothering too much about the complexities of immigration laws.If you feel that you need to be specific, you can write something along the lines of 'we would like to introduce our children to a new culture, but we don't want to be rude about it'. In this case, you don't want to get bogged down in the details. It's still okay to use detail, but if it's all in the details, you might not be able to persuade anybody.If you decide to write a political essay about a particular topic, it's best to make sure that you understand the topic well. When you're in this situation, you need to remember that there are some parts of the world that have nothing to do with the West. In these cases, you should try to write with sincerity and informality.Being able to speak intelligently about politics can be challenging, but if you stick to it, you will have a chance of succeeding in writing a political essay. Remember that if you have a long enough article t o write, it doesn't mean that you should include too many facts. You should just be able to convey your point of view, as accurately as possible.

The Start of Phd Background Essay Samples

<h1> The Start of Phd Background Essay Samples </h1> <p>Official transcripts will be mentioned if and at whatever point you are conceded and decide to go to UCI. In the present business condition, a site is completely essential. The site turns into another item they need to showcase, rather than building a site that is the promoting vehicle for their product and arrangements. </p> <p>You will get a customized score report featuring your qualities and areas of progress. Paperell is just one of a couple of various web proficient administrations offering you with a possibility to think of a determination of the creator only all alone, in view of your targets, desires, and rules. At the point when prospects first visit your site, they are centered around their issues and the best approach to tackle them right now. As indicated by Krista, private venture site ought to be where they go to get familiar with how you can assist them with taking care of their present issue, hindrance or disappointment. </p> <p>Your clients need a simple, natural plan that lets them get to the substance they need rapidly. The procedures expressed above indicate an example for those scientists to deliver a viable framework. They chose to concentrate on the driving school just with the goal that they would comprehend what explicit organization they were going to help. They requested feelings from others on how the framework could be improved. </p> <h2>The Good, the Bad and Phd Background Essay Samples </h2> <p>This passage likewise goes about as a better rotate point than start examining my scholastic and expert foundation. Your site route should be intelligent. The individual explanation isn't a confession booth stall. Your page should be easy to skim. </p> <p>The business is hard to find outwardly in light of the fact that their office is arranged inside the LTO compound. That doesn't mean they would take care of business all over the place. No organization code is requested. </p> <p>Additionally, there are useful remarks about what works in every last one of these papers. Your MBA expositions are your absolute best chance to sell the person behind the resume. Here is a gathering of our best MBA exposition thoughts to remember while you begin to compose. As an approach to create something you should do an appropriate home work, same goes with exposition composing. </p> <p>When composing a family esteems paper, it's consistently an amazing plan to part the uncommon customs and estimations of your friends and family. Once in a while, family life can procure risky. It is of extraordinary incentive to take care of our relatives and do our absolute best to permit it to be more grounded. Family ancestry is critical to not overlook. </p> <p>Both law and friends schools additionally regularly need various expositions of their candidates, with questions that go from insights regarding your private foundation to questions requesting that you make a paper investigating a dubious issue. It's fundamental in light of the fact that through everything whether it moving to some other city or just proceeding onward to school. I've seen the branch of instruction bloom in the past 4 years that I've been engaged with that. Eventually, see whether your educator will show up at the improved form again in the fall and give you yet more criticism. </p> <p>Spend some time over the mid year endeavoring to make it the absolute best paper you're ready to. I typically play b-ball once I have time just to keep the cardio refreshed. Try not to send official transcripts until this second, except if you're mentioned to accomplish that. We've gathered together the absolute most noteworthy ones here on the off chance that you are keen on increasingly close to home proclamation models for graduate school.</p>

Post Modenisim-Colonialisim-Structuralisim - Free Essay Example

AOBAKWE RAMOSU AND MARANG DUBE| 6/5/2010| POST MODERNISM/COLONIALISM/ STRUCTURALISM| This paper is going to focus on the post modernism, post colonialism and post structural theory. It is going to asses each theory separately and tries to reveal similarities between these theories in terms of their explanatory purposes they serve. In assessing each theory it will explicitly define it, give local interpretation, look at its origins (history), its proponents, relevance to the social work profession, the explanatory function, and change function and so on. POSTMODERNISM THEORY Postmodernism is a trend in modern culture characterized by the rejection of objective truth and global cultural native (Payne, 2005). * It can also be defined as changes in which we think about our societies and the way in which we create and understand knowledge (Hollinger, 1994). * With reference to (Macionis Plummer, 2005) this is ways of thinking which stresses plurality of perspectives as oppose to the unified single truth. * According to our understanding postmodernism means that there are multiple truths/ perspectives in the world, and no single truth can stand that is truth is subjective. In a nutshell postmodernism suggests that there is an alternative way of thinking about knowledge and understanding. These ideas rose partly as a reaction to modernist thinking: this is why they are called â€Å"postmodern†. It pursuits that, knowledge is always socially constructed because the choice of which knowledge is developed is not neutral. For example a scientist chooses to observe or experiment with particular aspects of the real world out of personal choice and because society at the time is interested in that particular area of knowledge (Payne, 2005). LOCAL INTERPRETATION Postmodernism go tewa gore mongwe le mongwe o na le tsela e a labang dilo ka teng, ga gona nnete e ngwafela e. g. beauty is in the eyes of the beholder. E bile nnete e a iterelwa go sa reye gore ya yo mongwe e botlhokwa kgotsa e kwa godimo ga ya motho o mongwe. Postmodernism e ne e leka go kgala modernism e e neng e kaya fa nnete e le nngwe. HISTORY/ ORIGINS OF POSTMODERNISM Postmodernism underwent a few stages so that it could evolve. Form the Pre-modern, to modernism and lastly post modernism was born. Its history is as follows: PRE-MODERN ERA In pre-modern societies, most people lived within the context of a single coherent cultural package. Pre-modern societies were not necessarily simple or primitive, but people in them were relatively free from â€Å"culture shock†, this is the experience of coming into contact with other people with entirely different values and beliefs. There was limited contact and interaction between societies. And the truth was in the realm of the societies they existed in. To them there was only a single perspective in the world. An example of pre-modern era was when the Batswana believed in Badimo, way before the colonialism era began. There was a transformation to modern society which began approximately in the 17th century. Factors contributing to modernization included the reformation, the revival, and the rise of the modern. European states, the scientific revolution, French industrial revolution and the rise of mass urban societies. The transformation was due to a series of culture shocks, that is another step taken each time somebody made the unsettling discovery that the same world could contain multiple views. MODERNISM People got exposed to various cultures and there was high interaction and contact between different societies. As there was now various ways of looking at things, philosophers tried to bring them together and construct one truth or explanation. When people discovered that the same world could contain multiple world views, conquerors frequently tried to kill off the wrong thinkers. Missionaries tried to persuade or force them to convert to the correct view of reality. Philosophers tried to create systems of understanding so profound, that they might be offered to the world as more than just another culturally based set of beliefs. The modern era has been a time of battles between religion and science, between political ideologies. And although each of these had its own inventory of essential truths, none has been able to gain universal agreement that those truths were all that true. It doesn’t look like all were to become Christians hence postmodernism was born. An example of the modernism era would be the time when the colonialism era began, the missionaries tried to get Batswana to convert Batswana to God and do away with their traditional initiation schools and introduce â€Å"formal† education. Although some persons were converted, others still adhered to their traditional beliefs (Anderson, 1995). POSTMODERNISM Its dominance begins early in the cold war and continues through to the present (21st century). People became familiar with it in the 1980s and 1990s. This is the age of over-exposure to otherness, where compound views in one world are allowed. For instance everyone is allowed to choose which religion to follow, and which God to worship. It is a departure from modernist approach that had previously been dominant. Postmodernism literally means after â€Å"modernism†. Every theory has people who coined it, but it doesn’t necessarily mean that they own the theory. The main proponents of the postmodernism theory are Jean Baudrillard, Jean-francois Lyotard, Jacques Derrida (1930 ), and Michel Foucault (1926- 1984). JEAN BAUDRILLARD He is also known as the â€Å"the high priest of postmodernism†. He is a sociologist who breaks down modernity and post modernity in an effort to explain the world as a set of models. He identifies early modernity as the period between renaissance and the industrial revolution, modernity as the period at the start of the industrial revolution and post modernity as a period of mass media (cinema photography). He states that we live in a world of images but images that are only simulations. He implies that many people still fail to understand this concept that we have now moved into a period where truth is entirely a product of consensus values and where science itself is just the name we attach to certain mode of explanation. JEAN-FRANCOIS LYOTARD (1984) He was born in 1929 and died in 1984. He attacks many of the modern age traditions, such as the â€Å"Grand† narrative or what he termed as the meta (master) narrative. In contrast to the ethnographies written by anthropologists in the 1st half 20th century, Lyotard states that in all encompassing account of culture cannot be accomplished. MICHEL FOUCAL Is a French philosopher who attended to show that what most people think of as the permanent truths of human nature and society actually changes throughout the course of history ( https://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Postmodernism). TENENTS OF POSTMODERNISM These are the bits and pieces that make up the theory. The tenets of postmodernism theory are social construction and relativism. With reference to ( Hollinger, 1994) they are as detailed below: SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION Berger, peter (1966) is the main pillar or father of the social construction of reality. It also contains reunification. Social construction argues that knowledge and understanding about the world come from social interactions among people. Knowledge is therefore constructed within cultural, historical and local context through the language used to interpret social experiences because it is the only way in which those experiences can be understood. People construct this knowledge from interaction then unconsciously distance themselves from it and this knowledge appears to be superhuman as if it was not made by people. Here the process is called reification. Reification is the apprehension of human phenomena as if they were things, that is, possibly superhuman terms. Reification is the apprehension of the products of human activity as if they were something else than human products—such as facts of nature, results of cosmic laws, or manifestations of divine will. Reification implies that man is capable of forgetting his own authorship of the human world, and further, that the dialectic between man, the producer, and his products is lost to consciousness. The reified world is, by definition, a dehumanized world. It is experienced by man as a strange facticity, an opus alienum over which he has no control rather than as the opul proprium of his own productive activity. As soon as an objective social world is established, the possibility of reification is never far away. The objectivity of the social world means that it confronts man as something outside of himself. The decisive question is whether he still retains the awareness that, however, objectivised, the social world was made by men and, therefore, can be remade by them. The basic â€Å"recipe† for reification of institutions is to bestow on them an ontological status independent of human activity and signification. RELATIVISM To understand knowledge you have to look at it from the perspective of the people who constructed it. For example for a mokgatla to understand why a Mongwato man thinks women with big buttocks are attractive he has to look at it from the Mongwato perspective. Some relativists claim that humans can understand and evaluate beliefs and behaviours only in terms of their historical or cultural context. There are many forms of relativism which vary in their degree of controversy. The term often refers to truth relativism, which is the doctrine that there are no absolute truths, i. e. , that truth is always relative to some particular frame of reference, such as a language or a culture. Another widespread and contentious form is moral relativism. One argument for relativism suggests that our own cognitive bias prevents us from observing something objectively with our own senses, and notational bias will apply to whatever we can allegedly measure without using our senses. In addition, we have a culture bias shared with other trusted observers which we cannot eliminate. A counterargument to this states that subjective certainty and concrete objects and causes form part of our everyday life, and that there is no great value in discarding such useful ideas as isomorphism, objectivity and a final truth. Relativism is sometimes (though not always) interpreted as saying that all points of view are equally valid, in contrast to an absolutism which argues there is but one true and correct view. In fact, relativism asserts that a particular instance Y exists only in combination with or as a by-product of a particular framework or viewpoint X, and that no framework or standpoint is uniquely privileged over all others. APPLICATION OF THEORY TO SOCIAL WORK Social construction has tremendous advantage for social workers for two main reasons. First, it emphasises that change is continuous and urges us to believe that we can achieve it through social interaction. Social work seeks to make personal and social changes through social interaction, so social construction ideas emphasise the possibility of effectiveness in social work. Also social workers often have the job of finding out about people’s personal and social histories to contribute to the work of other professions and official decision making process. Social construction ideas suggest why this is useful as a basis for understanding an action, because we cannot understand reality without understanding historical and social contexts. It also warns that how we use our knowledge in report writing may have a strong influence, for good, or bad, of the outcome ( Payne, 2005). RESEARH Uses detailed analysis of human interaction, particularly conversation analysis, relying on video and audio taped records of interactions. These are systematically analysed to reveal patterns of communication and behaviour that may be hidden. ASSESMENT We apply it in assessment, as social workers we usually have the work of finding out about people’s personal and social histories to contribute to the work of others and official decision making process. EXPLANATORY FUNCTION Postmodernism affirms that whatever we accept as truth and even the way we envision truths are dependent on the community in which we participate. There is no absolute truth, rather truth is relative to the community in which we participate. CHANGE FUNCTION It looks at things from the context of the environment that constructed that knowledge and reality. The truths are equal after all they are product of men. Change technique Getting people to realise that everyone is entitled to their own truth and no one’s truth is better of than the other’s truths. Relativism can be used in dysfunctional families. For exampling a case of a mother who neglects her children, the social worker might administer good intervention if he/she tries to see things from the mother’s perspective as a way of understanding as to why she does it. Accountability Theoretical framework to practice allows those outside of your practice to understand your actions. The postmodernism theory insists that there are multiple perspectives in the world, and everyone has their own way of doing things. Using relativism that is looking at things from other people’s perspectives to understand why they do certain things the way they do, can act as a mirror of social work to other professions. Justifications: This theory offers a rationale for a pattern of action. People behave in a certain way or see things in a certain way, or believe certain things because postmodernism implies that there are various views in one world, so people believes are justified. Predictions With postmodernism people hold different perspectives and multiple truths hence they react to situations in their own unique way CRITIQUES OF POSTMODERNISM THEORY Roy D’Andrade in the article â€Å"moral in anthropology†, critiques postmodernism definition of objectivity and subjectivity by examining the moral nature of their models. He argues that these morals are purely subjective. He also argues that there must be a separation between moral and objective models because they are counterproductive in discovering how the world works. Rosenav identifies seven contradictions in post modernism; 1. Its anti-theoretical position is essentially a theoretical stand 2. Postmodernism stresses the irrational, instrument of reason are freely employed to advance its perspective. 3. The postmodern prescription to focus on the marginal is itself an evaluative emphasis of precisely the sought that is their wise attacks. 4. Postmodernism stress intertextually but often treats texts in isolation. 5. By rejecting modern criteria for assessing theory, postmodernists cannot argue that there are no valid criteria for judgement. . Postmodernism criticises the inconsistency of modernism but refuses to be held to norms of consistency itself. 7. Postmodernist contradict themselves by relinquishing truth claims in their own writings. Melford Spiro: argues that postmodern anthropologists do not convincible dismiss the scientific method (https://www. as. ua. edu/ant/Faculty/murphy/436/pomo. htm). Postmodernism tends to revolve around the fo llowing things: a) The attainment of universal truth is impossible b) No ideas or truths are transcendent c) All ideas are culturally or socially constructed ) Historical facts are unimportant and irrelevant e) Ideas are true only if they benefit the oppressed. POST COLONIALISM DEFINITIONS Post-colonialism (postcolonial theory, post-colonial theory) is a specifically post-modern intellectual discourse that consists of reactions to, and analysis of, the cultural legacy of colonialism. Post colonialism comprises a set of theories found amongst philosophy, film, political science, human geography, sociology, and literature. Post colonialism refers also to the social, political, economic, and cultural practices which arise in response and resistance to colonialism. Literally, Post colonialism refers to the period following the decline of colonialism. Post colonialism more narrowly and historically defined, is usually understood to refer to those countries which achieved formal political independence from Britain (and from other Western European powers such as Spain, France, Portugal, Holland, Belgium, and Germany) from the mid-twentieth century onwards. In our own understanding post colonialism is an era in which colonized states were regaining their traditions, culture in a form of a rejecting colonialism ( LOCAL INTERPRETATION Ke nako e leng gore merafe ee neng e busiwa ke mafatshe a mmamosidanyana a leka go ipatela ditsela tse se ele tsa go dira dilo tse dingwe, ka mantswe a mangw e e kgathanong le puso ya mafatshe a Bophira e go neng go diriwa dilo ka tsela ya bone. Sekai e kanna tiriso ya sekgowa mo dilong ka go farologana, jaaka mo go kwaleng dibuka mme motho entse e le Motswana kgotsa moAferika. HISTORY OF POST COLONIALISM Colonialism: With reference to ( Rohmann, 1999): The term colonialism refers to the state of being a colony. It is derived from the Latin colonia: farm of settlement. It shares a common root with the word culture through Latin colere (past. Part. Cultum: meaning to grow). Colonialism refers to the practice by which a powerful country controls another country or other countries. This is achieved by means of a military, economic, cultural oppression or domination of one country over another. Colonialism aims at controlling not only the people’s wealth (what they produced, how they produced it, and how it was distributed) in order to control the entire realm of real life’s language; but it aims also at dominating the colonized country through out imposing the dominance of their mental universe. In other words, it is a control through culture, of how people perceived themselves and their relationship to the world: to control a people’s culture is to control its tools of self-definition in relationship to others. For colonialism this control involves tow aspects of the same process: * The destruction or deliberate undervaluing of a people’s culture. * The domination of a people’s language by that of colonizing nation. NEO-COLONIALISM This is an era to new-style colonialism, and generally means the exercise of international power through economic and commercial rather than military means. POST COLONIALISM The critical nature of postcolonial theory entails destabilizing Western way of thinking, therefore creating space for the subaltern, or marginalized groups, to speak and produce alternatives to dominant discourse. Often, the term post colonialism is taken literally, to mean the period of time after colonialism. This however is problematic because the ‘once-colonized world’ is full of â€Å"contradictions, of half-finished processes, of confusions, of hybridity, and liminalities†. In other words, it is important to accept the lural nature of the word post colonialism, as it does not simply refer to the period after the colonial era. By some definitions, post colonialism can also be seen as a continuation of colonialism, albeit through different or new relationships concerning power and the control/production of knowledge. Due to these similarities, it is debated whether to hyphenate post colonialism as to symbolize that we have fully moved beyond colonialism ( Diesing, 1991). Post colonialism evolved having the following goals: The ultimate goal of post-colonialism is combating the residual effects of colonialism on cultures. It is not simply concerned with salvaging past worlds, but learning how the world can move beyond this period together, towards a place of mutual respect. This section surveys the thoughts of a number of post-colonialisms most prominent thinkers as to how to go about this. Post-colonialist thinkers recognize that many of the assumptions which underlay the logic of colonialism are still active forces today. Exposing and deconstructing the racist, imperialist nature of these assumptions, they will lose their power of persuasion and coercion. Recognizing that they are not simply airy substance but have widespread material consequences for the nature and scale of global inequality makes this project all the more urgent. A key goal of post-colonial theorists is clearing space for multiple voices. This is especially true of those voices that have been previously silenced by dominant ideologies subalterns. It is widely recognized within the discourse that this space must first be cleared within academia. Edward Said, in his canonical book,Orientalism provides a clear picture of the ways social scientists, specifically Orientalists, can disregard the views of those they actually study preferring instead to rely on the intellectual superiority of themselves and their peers. To the extent that Western scholars were aware of contemporary Orientals or Oriental movements of thought and culture, these were perceived either as silent shadows to be animated by the Orientalist, brought into reality by them or as a kind of cultural and international proletariat useful for the Orientalists grander interpretive activity (https://everything2. om/title/Postmodernism%252C+Poststructuralism%252C+Postcolonialism%252C+Deconstruction). PROPONENTS OF POST COLONIALISM Major contributors of post colonialism theory are as follows: Frantz Fanon: Fanon is one of the earliest writers associated with Post colonialism. He analyzed the nature of colonialism and those subjugated by it. He described colonialism as a source of violence, and offered a less bright and more violent prescription for moving beyond the colonial mindset. He argued that previously colonized peoples would remain hybrids with a miserably schizophrenic identity unless they revolt violently against their oppressors. Fanon’s important contribution to the struggle against colonialism is his concern with history. For him, the work of the struggle against colonialism involves the claiming back of their own history by the colonized from the negative or non-existent versions of it produced by the colonisers. He stressed the vital importance of the culture and representations of their past being central to the creation of both new positive forms of subject formation and new forms of social organisation which are necessary in the newly independent post-colonial era. He introduced also concepts of colonial space and ideas surrounding the role of the middle-class intelligentsia in these new nations; in order to develop new forms of social democracy rather than utilise existing colonial institutions and simply fill existing administrative positions with indigenous people. GAYATRI CHAKRAVORTY SPIVAK: Spivak’s main contribution to postcolonial theory came with her specific definition of the term subaltern. She also introduced terms such as essentialism and strategic essentialism. The former term refers to the dangers of reviving subaltern voices in ways that might simplify heterogeneous groups, creating stereotyped impressions of their diverse group. Spivak, however, believes that essentialism can sometimes be used strategically by these groups to make it easier for the subaltern to be heard and understood when a clear identity can be created and accepted by the majority. Spivak also introduced the term epistemic violence which refers to the destruction of the non-western ways of knowing and thereby the domination of western ways of understanding. She also criticized those who ignored â€Å"the cultural other† or subaltern. HOMI K. BHABHA: Bhabha introduced the idea that postcolonial world should valorise spaces of mixing, spaces where truth and authenticity move aside from ambiguity. He introduced also the concept of hybridity to capture the sense that many writers have of belonging to both cultures. For Homi Bhabha, hybridity occurs in postcolonial societies both: as a result of conscious movement of cultural suppression, as when the colonial power invades to consolidate political and economic control, or when settler-invaders dispose indigenous peoples and force them to â€Å"assimilate† to new social patterns. It may also occur in later periods when patterns of immigration from metropolitan societies and from other imperial areas of influence continue to produce complex cultural palimpsests with the post-colonial world ( Anderson, 1995). TENENTS OF POSTCOLONIALISM With reference to Wikipedia. om retrieved 1 may 2010, Post colonialism focuses on: * Race relations and the effects of racism and combating the residual effects of colonialism on cultures. In other words, it is not simply concerned with salvaging past worlds, but it aims also at learning how they can move beyond this period. * Illegitimating the idea of establishing power through conquest. * Building a nationa l identity. * Demonstrating the heterogeneity of colonized places. * Discussing issues of otherness, resistance, opposition, mimicry aiming at establishing values of human freedom, liberty, identity, and individuality. Celebrating their culture’s ancient yet transformed heritage, and at the same time integrating and mingling the cultural signs and practices of both the colonizing and the colonized cultures (hybridity). Postcolonial theory introduced also major key terms that are deemed to be the core of this theory which are: * Mimicry: refers to a sign of a double articulation, which appropriates the other as it visualizes power. It is also a sign of the inappropriate (mockery) to disrupt its authority. Hybridity: refers to the integration (mingling) of cultural signs and practices from the colonizing and the colonized cultures so that people adapt themselves to the necessities and opportunities of more or less oppressive or invasive cultural impositions. * The Third Space: refers to the non-synchronous temporality of global and national cultures that opens up a cultural space – a third space or in betweeness space- where the negotiation of differences creates a tension peculiar to the borderline existences. * Alterity: refers to the lack of identification with some part of one’s personality or one’s community. It also refers to the concept of otherness and differences. * Eurocentric: refers to the action of placing emphasis on European (western) concerns, culture and values at the expense of those of other cultures. It’s an instance of Ethnocentrism, perhaps especially relevant because of its alignment with current and past real power structures in the world. * Imperialism: refers to the policy of extending the control or authority over foreign entities as a means of acquisition and/or maintenance of empires through direct or indirect methods. Diaspora: refers to any people or ethnic population forced or induced to leave their traditional ethnic homelands, being dispersed throughout other parts of the world, and the developments in their dispersal and culture. * Otherness: the term otherness includes doubleness , both identity and difference. It considers the values and meanings of the colonizing culture but rejects its power. * Ethnicity: refers to those aspects of social relations hips and processes in which cultural difference is communicated. It is to be understood as the articulation of internal and external networks of exchange. The development of the term ethnicity in current postcolonial theory marks a shift from earlier discussions of race. Ethnicity recognises the social cultural and religious practices which help to constitute a cultural identity and is less reductive than the more physically based concept of race. * Identity formation: Colonialism left some social and cultural changes. As a result of these changes, the dominant question after independence is: what is the new cultural identity? APPLICATION TO SOCIAL WORK ASSESSMENT Throughout its process of addressing matters of identity, gender, race and ethnicity, Postcolonial theory encourages thought about the colonised’s creative resistance to the coloniser. This can be used in assessment to try and explain why people’s behaviour in all facets of life. REPORT WRITING Postcolonial theory introduced also some basic terms that are considered to be of a great help when analysing literary works. These key terms are as follow: * the colonizer vs. the colonized white western superiority vs. coloured colonial inferiority * black vs. white * slave vs. master * East vs. West SOCIAL ACTION The critical nature of postcolonial theory entails destabilizing Western way of thinking, therefore creating space for the subaltern or marginalized groups, to speak and produce alternatives to dominant discourse. Other areas where this theory can be applied are: in social policy and when devising intervention strategies. EXPLAN ATORY FUNCTION This theory focuses on the era were colonialism is rejected. People are encouraged to expose their own ways of doing things. They are no longer subjected to other people’s culture. They are no longer ruled by outsiders; they have their leaders amongst them who preserve their culture. CHANGE FUNCTION It seeks to promote self reliance amongst people, that is, they don’t have to rely on other people from a different culture to dominate in their society. It also discourages discrimination and cultural minority as every society has to be understood and let to implement their own ways of doing things. POST STRUCTURAL THEORY Post-Structuralism is an eclectic school of thought that significantly influenced literary and cultural theory in the 1970s and 1980s ( Rohmann, 1999). Post-structuralism is a modern philosophical school of thought. It grew out of, and in response to, the philosophy of structuralism, which many of the key thinkers of post-structuralism were extremely critical of. Post structuralism is one of the major driving forces in philosophy today, and is intricately connected with postmodernist thought. HISTORY Post? tructuralism, a school of thought that emerged partly from within French structuralism in the 1960s, reacting against structuralist pretensions to scientific objectivity and comprehensiveness. The term covers the philosophical deconstruction practised by Jacques Derrida and his followers, along with the later works of the critic Roland Barthes, the psychoanalytic theories of Jacques Lacan and Julia Kristeva, the historical critiques of Michel Foucault, and th e cultural? political writings of Jean? Francois Lyotard and Gilles Deleuze. These thinkers emphasized the instability of meanings and of intellectual categories (including that of the human ‘subject’), and sought to undermine any theoretical system that claimed to have universal validity, such claims being denounced as ‘totalitarian’. They set out to dissolve the fixed dual oppositions of structuralist thought, including that between language and meta language, and thus between literature and criticism. Instead they favoured a non? hierarchical plurality or ‘free play’ of meanings, stressing the indeterminacy of texts. Although diminishing in French intellectual life by the end of the 1970s, post? structuralisms delayed influence upon literary and cultural theory in the English? speaking world has persisted (Sarup, 1988). PROPONENTS OF POST STRUCTURALISM MICHEL FOUCALT Originally labelled a structuralist, the French philosopher and historian Michel Foucault came to be seen as the most important representative of the post-structuralist movement. He agreed that language and society were shaped by rule governed systems, but he disagreed with the structuralists on two counts. Firstly, he did not think that there were definite underlying structures that could explain the human condition and secondly he thought that it was impossible to step outside of discourse and survey the situation objectively Foucault attempted to analyse the discursive practices or serious speech acts that lay claim to revealing knowledge. Rather than analyse these discursive practices in terms of their truth, he analyses them in terms of their history or genesis. He claimed that he was attempting to do an archaeology of knowledge, to show the history of truth claims. In his latter work, he borrowed from Nietzsche the genealogical approach and from Marx his analyses of ideology. Foucault sought to show how the development of knowledge was intertwined with the mechanisms of (political) power. Unlike Marx, Foucault had no underlying belief in a deep underlying truth or structure: there was no objective viewpoint from which one could analyse discourse or society. Foucault focused on the way that knowledge and the increase of the power of the state over the individual has developed in the modern era. In his History of Sexuality he argued that the rise of medical and psychiatric science has created a discourse of sexuality as deep, instinctual and mysterious. This discourse became accepted as the dominant explanation, and its assumptions began to seep into the discourse of the everyday. In this way the human subjectss experience of their own sexuality is shaped and controlled by the discourses that purport to explain it. The search for knowledge does not simply uncover pre-existing objects; it actively shapes and creates them. Foucault does not offer any all-embracing theory of human nature. He was critical of meta-theory: beliefs that claimed to give an exclusive objective explanation of reality. For Foucault there is no ultimate answer waiting to be uncovered. The discursive practices of knowledge are not independent of the objects that are studied, and must be understood in their social and political context. Jacques Derrida (1930- ) developed deconstruction as a technique for uncovering the multiple interpretations of texts. Influenced by Heidegger and Nietzsche, Derrida suggests that all text has ambiguity and because of this the possibility of a final and complete interpretation is impossible. Derrida presented a thesis on an apparent rupture in intellectual life. Derrida interpreted this event as a decentering of the former intellectual cosmos. Instead of progress or divergence from an identified centre, Derrida described this event as a kind of play (https://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Post-structuralism) TENENTS OF POST STRUCTURALISM LANGUAGE Levi-Strauss diagrammed everything from food taboos to kinship relations in an attempt to discover the deep structures within them. Meanwhile, in linguistics, Noam Chomsky talked about hardwired grammars that could give rise to all the varied languages of the world. Levi-Strauss, Chomsky, and their followers believed that the dizzying variety of human phenomena could all be reduced to certain simple axioms. Post structuralism casts doubt on the existence of these structures. Instead of diagrams and charts, poststructuralists inject chance and play and illogic into their writing. They value illusion, imagination, and surprise over traditional ideas of chronological development or even narrative sense. This is true both of academic work, which throws out the chilly third-person analytic voice in favour of unapologetically subjective and situated writing, and of fiction, which suspends predictable elements of stories like temporal continuity and neatly resolved endings in favour of confusion and uncertainty. The best poststructuralist writing can be delirious, hallucinatory, poetic, and beautiful. Like religious writing with which it has a lot in common it can come around to deep truths obliquely, by talking around them rather than attempting to capture them with the detached language of the scientist. Deconstruction For Derrida, language or texts are not a natural reflection of the world. Text structures are interpretation of the world. Following Heidegger, Derrida thinks that language shapes us: texts create a clearing that we understand as reality. Derrida sees the history of western thought as based on opposition: good vs. evil mind vs. atter, man vs. woman, speech vs. writing. These oppositions are defined hierarchically: the second term is seen as a corruption of the first, the terms are not equal opposites. Derrida thought that all text contained a legacy of these assumptions, and as a result of this, these texts could be re-interpreted with an awareness of the hierarchies implicit in language. Derrida does not think that we can reach an end point of interpretation, a truth. For Derrida all text s exhibit difference: they allow multiple interpretations. Meaning is diffuse, not settled. Textuality always gives us a surplus of possibilities, yet we cannot stand outside of textuality in an attempt to find objectivity. One consequence of deconstruction is that certainty in textual analyses becomes impossible. There may be competing interpretations, but there is no uninterpreted way one could assess the validity of these competing interpretations. Rather than basing our philosophical understanding on undeniable truths, the deconstructionist turns the settled bedrock of rationalism into the shifting sands of a multiplicity of interpretations (https://www. hilosopher. org. uk/poststru. httm). APPLICATION TO SOCIAL WORK RESEARCH Recently, post-structuralism has influenced social work research and practice by challenging universal ideas and opposing grand theory based on the assumption of underlying structures and truths. Difference between theories Post-structuralism is importantly different from postmodernism, although the two are often considered one and the same by the general subject. Although there are certain areas of overlap, thinkers from one school almost never identify themselves with the other school of thought. Postmodernism importantly seeks to identify a contemporary state of the world, the period that is following the modernist period. Postmodernism seeks to identify a certain juncture, and to work within the new period. Post-structuralism, on the other hand, can be seen as a more explicitly critical view, aiming to deconstruct ideas of essentialism in various disciplines to allow for a more accurate discourse CONCLUSION Post colonialism critiques what it sees as the classist, Eurocentric assumptions behind scholarship. This has given rise to several branches of what is often called subaltern studies, which is to say the study of the silenced minority voices in colonized spaces Where postmodernism critiques modernity, post structuralism critiques structuralism, which is to say a constellation of anthropological and literary theories that claim that all human behaviour obeys certain scientific laws. REFERENCE Rohmann. C, (2000), A world of ideas: A Dictionary of Important Theories, Concepts, Beliefs And Thinkers. New York, Ballantine Books. Diesing. P, (1991, How does Social Science Work? Reflection on Practice, United States Of America, University of Pittsburgh Press. Hollinger. R, (1994), Postmodernism and the Social Science; A thematic approach vol 4. London, SAGE Publications. Anderson. W. T, ed. (1995), The Truth about the Truth: De-confusing and Re-constructing the Postmodern World. New York, A New Consciousness Reader. Payne. M (2005), Modern Social Work Theory. New York, Palgrave Macmillan. Macionis, JJ, Plummer, K. (1997. ). Introduction to Sociological Concepts. Prentice Hall. Europe Sarup, M. (1988). An Introductory Guide to Post? Structuralism and Postmodernism. New York. Palgrave. https://everything2. com/title/Postmodernism%252C+Poststructuralism%252C+Postcolonialism%252C+Deconstruction https://books. google. com/books? id=9MSBQcsVwvUCpg=PA472dq=postcolonialism+soviet+unionlr=sig=pBmbkyZVXrZwVkHMZZ8FG_Q4yjc. https://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Post-structuralism https://www. as. ua. edu/ant/Faculty/murphy/436/pomo. htm https://www. philosopher. org. uk/poststr. htm